Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Id is
to "Just do it" as superego is to a. | "Wait till later." | b. | "Do your
own thing." | c. | "Don't do it." | d. | "Oh, sit on
it." | | |
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2.
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The
unconscious contains a. | material that can easily be brought to
awareness. | b. | everything we are aware of at a given
moment. | c. | repressed memories and emotions. | d. | thoughts,
perceptions, and memories. | | |
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3.
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Behavioral theories of personality are often criticized for their a. | inability to
test or verify concepts. | b. | limited recognition of temperament, emotion, and subjective
factors. | c. | ability to explain behavior after the fact
only. | d. | emphasis on the conditions under which behaviors
occur. | | |
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4.
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The
concept of traits is used to account for personal characteristics that are a. | biologically
determined. | b. | relatively permanent and enduring. | c. | situation
specific. | d. | shared by a group. | | |
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5.
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The
five-factor model of personality includes a. | social interactionism. | b. | neuroticism. | c. | agreeableness. | d. | sense of
humor. | | |
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6.
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A
personality theory is a(n) a. | category used to describe
personality. | b. | interrelated system of concepts used to explain
personality. | c. | relatively permanent set of behavior
patterns. | d. | subjective evaluation of a person. | | |
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7.
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Which
of the following is an unconscious personality structure made up of biological urges seeking
fulfillment? a. | ego | b. | id | c. | superego | d. | subconscious | | |
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8.
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Criticisms of Freud's developmental theory have centered on a. | the
over-emphasis on sexuality in personality development. | b. | Freud's
treatment of father-daughter relationship. | c. | the need for a stern or threatening mother in the development
of conscience. | d. | the unimportance of the first years of life in the formation of
personality. | | |
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9.
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One
problem psychologists have with personality types is they a. | are hypothetical
constructs. | b. | oversimplify personality. | c. | describe
character, not personality. | d. | are not observable or measurable. | | |
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10.
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Freud
believed that personality was typified by a. | a delicate balance of power among the three personality
structures. | b. | a lack of struggle among the three personality structures in
the healthy individual. | c. | a lack of struggle among the three personality structures in
the unhealthy individual. | d. | a state of struggle among the three personality structures in
which the id gets caught in the middle. | | |
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11.
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To
understand personality, trait theorists attempt to a. | create traits
that fit people. | b. | increase the number of basic traits that have been
identified. | c. | classify traits and discover how they are related to
behavior. | d. | reduce the common traits to measures of
temperament. | | |
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12.
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According to Freud, the energy from life instincts that drives personality is called
the a. | ego. | b. | libido. | c. | life
force. | d. | eros. | | |
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13.
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According to Freud, the id is governed by the a. | pleasure
principle. | b. | reality principle. | c. | ego
ideal. | d. | creature comfort principle. | | |
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14.
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Learning theorists a. | have removed the "person" from
personality. | b. | emphasize situational determinants of
behavior. | c. | stress the role of the unconscious. | d. | would view a
trait as stable in all situations. | | |
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15.
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In
the Freudian view of personality, which system is totally unconscious and dominated by biological
instincts? a. | id | b. | ego | c. | superego | d. | libido | | |
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16.
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__________ theory maximized and __________ theory minimized the role of the
unconscious. a. | Trait;
humanistic | b. | Psychoanalytic; behaviorist | c. | Psychoanalytic;
humanistic | d. | Trait; behaviorist | | |
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17.
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According to Freud, the ego is governed by the a. | pleasure
principle. | b. | reality principle. | c. | ego
ideal. | d. | partial ego principle. | | |
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18.
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The
five-factor model of personality includes a. | social interactionism. | b. | conscientiousness. | c. | sense of humor. | d. | neuroticism. | | |
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19.
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According to Jung, art, religion, myths, and drama are important to individual
functioning because they a. | facilitate conscious development. | b. | are symbols that
appeal to basic archetypes. | c. | provide the means for achieving control over a hostile
environment. | d. | transmit specific information for solving developmental
tasks. | | |
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20.
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One
of Freud's major contributions was his a. | belief that the first years of life help to shape
personality. | b. | belief in the concept of libido, sexual desires, and biological
instincts. | c. | discovery of complexes during the genital
stage. | d. | elaboration of the humanistic approach to personality
development. | | |
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21.
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What
do psychologists mean by the term trait-situation interaction? a. | Situations
change traits. | b. | Situations create new traits. | c. | Traits determine
situations. | d. | Situations affect how traits are
exhibited. | | |
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22.
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An
adjective checklist would most likely be used by a a. | psychodynamic
therapist. | b. | behaviorist. | c. | humanistic
therapist. | d. | trait theorist. | | |
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23.
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The
"amazing similarities" of identical twins may be a result of a. | the fallacy of
positive instances. | b. | deliberate deceit by the twins. | c. | deliberate
deceit by the researchers. | d. | the Barnum effect. | | |
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24.
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Psychologists who believe that people grow and develop throughout their lives and that
people are inherently good are a. | psychoanalysts. | b. | radical
behaviorists. | c. | social learning theorists. | d. | humanists. | | |
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25.
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Connie and Sue are identical twins reared apart and recently reunited. Carl and Fred
are unrelated students at a major university. Which of the following statements is TRUE of these
pairings? a. | Connie and Sue
will probably show a long list of amazing similarities, while Carl and Fred will only share a couple
of similarities. | b. | Connie and Sue will probably share many similarities; Carl and
Fred may share many similarities but are probably not motivated enough to discover
them. | c. | Connie and Sue will not share as many similarities as will Carl
and Fred. | d. | Connie and Sue will have more differences than will Carl and
Fred. | | |
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26.
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According to the humanists, __________ occurs when people are free from dependence on
external authority or on other people. a. | autonomy | b. | spontaneity | c. | peak experience | d. | task
centering | | |
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27.
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A
psychiatrist who explains pathological behavior as a conflict between underlying psychological forces
is using the __________ model. a. | psychoanalytic | b. | behavioral | c. | medical | d. | humanistic | | |
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28.
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According to behaviorists, a. | hostile, generous, or destructive impulses arise in the
unconscious. | b. | personality is acquired through conditioning and observational
learning. | c. | personality is strongly influenced by one's
self-image. | d. | personality develops from initial feelings of
inferiority. | | |
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29.
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The
part of the mind that is beyond awareness is called the a. | unconscious. | b. | conscious. | c. | postconscious. | d. | preconscious. | | |
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30.
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The
__________ contains material of which you may be unaware but that can easily be brought to
awareness. a. | subconscious | b. | preconscious | c. | unconscious | d. | conscious | | |
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31.
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According to Freud, the key to mental health is a. | an overpowering
superego. | b. | an unrestrained id. | c. | dominance of the
pleasure principle. | d. | balance among mental processes. | | |
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32.
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If
you know the personality of an identical twin, you can expect the personality of the other twin to
be a. | unrelated. | b. | similar. | c. | identical. | d. | conflicting. | | |
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33.
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The
__________ begins with puberty and ends with a mature capacity for love and the realization of full
adult sexuality. a. | latency
period | b. | Oedipal and Electra conflicts | c. | genital
stage | d. | phallic stage | | |
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34.
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Which
is included as one of the traits Maslow theorized were possessed by
self-actualizers? a. | egocentrism | b. | extraversion | c. | superior
intelligence | d. | capacity to laugh at oneself | | |
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35.
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We
each have a perception of our own personality traits. This perception strongly influences our
behavior. Psychologists call this perception a. | self-evaluation. | b. | inner
concept. | c. | self-concept. | d. | self-esteem. | | |
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36.
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A key
element of Carl Rogers' personality theory is the concept of a. | meta-needs. | b. | the self or self-image. | c. | self-reinforcement. | d. | the pleasure principle. | | |
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37.
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According to Freud, the Oedipal and Electra conflicts end when a child takes on the
values and behaviors of the same sex parent in a process called a. | fixation. | b. | imitation. | c. | observation. | d. | identification. | | |
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38.
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Between the ages of 1 and 3 years, the child is said to go through the __________
stage. a. | phallic | b. | latency | c. | anal | d. | genital | | |
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39.
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The
position that personality is composed of learned patterns is held by a. | neo-Freudians. | b. | humanists. | c. | behaviorists or
behavioral personality theorists. | d. | psychoanalytic theorists. | | |
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40.
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Which
theory of personality was developed by Sigmund Freud? a. | psychoanalytic | b. | behavioristic | c. | humanistic | d. | psychosocial | | |
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41.
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Freud
became interested in the study of personality when he realized that a. | his patients
lacked physical causes for their problems. | b. | the treatment of psychological disorders was more advanced than
those for physical disorders. | c. | many of his patients were faking
symptoms. | d. | no comprehensive theories of the mind were widely
accepted. | | |
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42.
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Jung
believed that there are basic universal concepts in all people regardless of culture
called a. | persona. | b. | collective consciousness. | c. | archetypes. | d. | mandalas. | | |
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43.
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The
description of a person's character implies a. | the use of rating scales. | b. | the use of
multiple observers. | c. | the use of situational testing. | d. | judgment about
the desirability of traits. | | |
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44.
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The
main criticism of humanistic theory is that a. | it emphasizes the negative dimensions of
personality. | b. | it is research rather than experience
oriented. | c. | its concepts are imprecise and difficult to study
objectively. | d. | its approach is more empirical than
philosophical. | | |
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45.
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If
self-esteem is too high, the person may be a. | boring. | b. | ineffective. | c. | dull. | d. | arrogant. | | |
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46.
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Behaviorists are to the external environment as humanists are to a. | stress. | b. | personal growth. | c. | humankind. | d. | internal conflicts. | | |
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47.
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Freud
believed that at each psychosexual stage a different part of the body becomes a. | id-fixated. | b. | archetypical. | c. | an erogenous
zone. | d. | a source for modeling. | | |
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48.
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Self-actualization refers to a. | a tendency that causes human personality
problems. | b. | what it is that makes certain men and women
famous. | c. | anyone who is making full use of his or her
potentials. | d. | the requirements necessary for becoming famous, academically
distinguished, or rich. | | |
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49.
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The
term personality refers to a. | the hereditary aspects of one's emotional
nature. | b. | unique and enduring behavior
patterns. | c. | favorable and unfavorable personal
characteristics. | d. | charisma, character, or temperament. | | |
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50.
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__________ theories stress private, subjective experience and personal
growth. a. | Trait | b. | Humanistic | c. | Behavioristic | d. | Psychodynamic | | |
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51.
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During the first year of life, the child is said to go through the __________
stage. a. | oral | b. | anal | c. | genital | d. | phallic | | |
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52.
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Critics of psychoanalytic personality theory note its failure to a. | be able to
predict future behavior. | b. | provide a role for biological instincts in personality
development. | c. | explain psychological events after they have
occurred. | d. | emphasize the importance of human
sexuality. | | |
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53.
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Learning sex-appropriate behavior is greatly influenced by a. | self-reinforcement and resolution of unconscious conflicts. | b. | identification
and imitation. | c. | toilet training and early feeding
contacts. | d. | valuing and self-regard. | | |
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54.
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Which
of the following is POOR advice for a person who wishes to promote
self-actualization? a. | Seek peak experiences. | b. | Take
responsibility. | c. | Be willing to change. | d. | Try to live up
to what others think you should be. | | |
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55.
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If
you were asked to describe the personality of your best friend, and you said she was optimistic,
reserved, and friendly, you would be using the __________ approach. a. | psychodynamic | b. | analytical | c. | humanistic | d. | trait | | |
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56.
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The
halo effect refers to a. | the technique in which the frequency of various behaviors is
recorded. | b. | the use of ambiguous or unstructured
stimuli. | c. | the process of admitting experience into
consciousness. | d. | the tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first
impression to unrelated details of personality. | | |
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57.
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According to Rogers, the __________ self represents a very idealized
self-image. a. | phenomenal | b. | incongruent | c. | archetypal | d. | ideal | | |
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58.
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In
Freudian theory, the __________ is the "executive" structure that is directed by the
reality principle. a. | id | b. | ego | c. | superego | d. | libido | | |
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59.
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According to Freud, the Oedipus and Electra conflicts occur during
the a. | anal
stage. | b. | oral stage. | c. | phallic
stage. | d. | genital stage. | | |
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60.
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Characteristics that are shared by most members of a culture are
termed a. | cardinal
traits. | b. | ethnic traits. | c. | general
traits. | d. | common traits. | | |
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61.
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The
role "possible selves" play in our lives is to a. | provide a basis
for comparing self-image and true self. | b. | give us models for identification. | c. | direct our
behavior toward an imagined future. | d. | remind us that all things are always
possible. | | |
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62.
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In
Adler's view, the main striving of personality is for a. | dominance. | b. | sophistication. | c. | instincts. | d. | superiority. | | |
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63.
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An
overly strict or harsh superego will cause a. | increasing levels of primary process
thinking. | b. | an antisocial personality. | c. | inhibition,
rigidity, or intolerable guilt. | d. | a breakdown of the libido. | | |
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64.
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Concerning pure extroversion and pure introversion, it is most accurate to
say a. | a person is
either one or the other. | b. | most people fall somewhere between these
extremes. | c. | these terms were coined by the famous Swiss psychologist,
Gordon Allport. | d. | they represent basic physical traits. | | |
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65.
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Classifying people as having either a Type A or Type B personality has been used to
predict a. | competency as a
parent. | b. | chances of suffering a heart attack. | c. | success in
education. | d. | chances of developing a serious mental
illness. | | |
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66.
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Rogers calls the image of the person you would like to be the a. | ego
ideal. | b. | self archetype. | c. | ideal
self. | d. | reinforced self. | | |
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67.
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Which
personality theories attempt to explain behavior by focusing on the inner workings of the personality
including internal conflicts? a. | trait | b. | behavioristic | c. | psychodynamic | d. | humanistic | | |
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68.
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Delaying action until it is appropriate describes the ego's use of
the a. | pleasure
principle. | b. | morality principle. | c. | ego
ideal. | d. | reality principle. | | |
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69.
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The
psychological situation, expectancy, and reinforcement value are important concepts
in a. | social learning
theory. | b. | Gestalt theories. | c. | radical
behaviorism. | d. | instrumental conditioning. | | |
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70.
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__________ theorists believe humans have free will. a. | Humanistic | b. | Behavioristic | c. | Psychoanalytic | d. | Trait | | |
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71.
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In
psychoanalytic theory, conscious control is experienced by the a. | pleasure
principle. | b. | id. | c. | ego. | d. | libido. | | |
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72.
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Temperament refers to a. | charisma or character. | b. | unique and
enduring behavior patterns. | c. | learned traits of emotional response. | d. | hereditary
emotional traits. | | |
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73.
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Abraham Maslow developed the concept of self-actualization by initially
studying a. | the
maze-learning abilities of rats with sub-cortical lesions. | b. | his own
patients. | c. | how children reacted to viewing aggressive role models on
television. | d. | people who lived unusually effective
lives. | | |
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74.
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Freud
called an unresolved conflict caused by over-indulgence or frustration a(n) a. | fixation. | b. | retentiveness. | c. | incongruency. | d. | expressiveness. | | |
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75.
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The
messy and disorderly person is described by Freud as being a. | orally
retentive. | b. | anally retentive. | c. | a phallic
personality. | d. | anally expulsive. | | |
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76.
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__________ traits are personality traits the comprise a person's unique individual
qualities. a. | Central | b. | Secondary | c. | Cardinal | d. | Individual | | |
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77.
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Which
personality theorist strongly rejected Sigmund Freud's claim that males are dominant or superior to
females? a. | Alfred
Adler | b. | Karen Horney | c. | Carl
Jung | d. | Erich
Fromm | | |
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78.
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For
Freud, the time during which psychosexual development is interrupted is called the a. | phallic
stage. | b. | latency period. | c. | Oedipal
period. | d. | genital stage. | | |
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79.
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At
what age does personality become quite stable?
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80.
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Suppose the ego were a hungry person in a crowded cafeteria. The ego would most
likely a. | do
nothing. | b. | wait in line. | c. | push to the head
of the line. | d. | feel guilty about being so hungry. | | |
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81.
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Which
of the following is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages? a. | anal, phallic,
oral, genital | b. | oral, anal, phallic, genital | c. | genital,
phallic, oral, anal | d. | anal, oral, phallic, genital | | |
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82.
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The
popularity of politicians who are physically attractive may be a consequence of the a. | androgyny
effect. | b. | Hawthorne effect. | c. | halo
effect. | d. | ordinal effect. | | |
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83.
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Which
of the following could account for a major personality change in middle adulthood? a. | moving to a new
city | b. | changing your
looks | c. | making new friends | d. | a personal
tragedy | | |
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84.
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According to Jung, a mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images shared by all
humans is a. | the
persona. | b. | the personal unconscious. | c. | the collective
unconscious. | d. | the anima. | | |
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85.
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A
defining characteristic of traits is that they are a. | fixed. | b. | observed. | c. | evaluative. | d. | enduring. | | |
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