Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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You
are daydreaming in the middle of a lecture. Are you actually thinking? a. | Yes. | b. | No. | c. | No, but daydreaming is an example of
cognition. | d. | Yes, you are thinking and daydreaming is an example of
cognition. | | |
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2.
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Computer programs capable of doing things that require intelligence when done by
people are associated with a. | artificial intelligence. | b. | proxemics. | c. | cerebronics. | d. | computerized
creativity. | | |
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3.
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__________ is the study of the meaning of words and language. a. | Linguistics | b. | Encoding | c. | Semantics | d. | Syntax | | |
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4.
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Representations used in thinking include a. | mnemonic
devices. | b. | kinesthesis. | c. | concepts. | d. | primarily figments of the
imagination. | | |
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5.
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Basic
speech sounds are called a. | morphemes. | b. | syllables. | c. | phonemes. | d. | syntax. | | |
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6.
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A
solution that correctly states the requirements for success in solving a problem but not in
sufficient detail for further action is called a(n) __________ solution. a. | heuristic | b. | general | c. | functional | d. | specific | | |
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7.
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Fluency, flexibility, and originality would be most characteristic of which type of
thought? a. | convergent
thinking | b. | mechanical problem-solving | c. | rote
problem-solving | d. | brainstorming | | |
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8.
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What
type of concept is "uncle"? a. | conjunctive | b. | relational | c. | relative | d. | disjunctive | | |
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9.
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The
inability to see new uses for familiar objects is termed a. | non-flexible
thinking. | b. | functional fixedness. | c. | proactive
inhibition. | d. | interference. | | |
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10.
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A
person who is concerned about health, but who continues to smoke cigarettes, is making an error in
judgment called a. | functional
fixedness. | b. | ignoring the base rate. | c. | representativeness. | d. | framing. | | |
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11.
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Language is termed productive if it a. | allows for
communication of thoughts and ideas. | b. | is capable of generating new ideas and
possibilities. | c. | increases one's adaptation to a changing
environment. | d. | provides a set of rules for making sounds into words and words
into sentences. | | |
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12.
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Which
of the following is usually associated with creativity? a. | convergent
thinking | b. | divergent thinking | c. | modeling | d. | syntax | | |
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13.
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A
truck gets stuck under a bridge. Several tow-trucks are unable to pull it out. At last a little boy
walks up and asks the red-faced adults trying to free the truck why they haven't let the air out of
the truck's tires. Their oversight was due to a. | divergent thinking. | b. | cognitive
style. | c. | synesthesia. | d. | fixation. | | |
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14.
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Heuristics are problem solving strategies which a. | use a trial and
error approach. | b. | use random search strategies. | c. | guarantee
success in solving a problem. | d. | reduce the number of alternatives. | | |
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15.
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Characterisitics of creativity include a. | convergence. | b. | flexibility. | c. | gender
differences. | d. | rigid personality factors. | | |
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16.
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A
perceptual set that causes one to become hung up on wrong solutions or remain blind to alternatives
is called a. | inhibition. | b. | fixation. | c. | conditional
thinking. | d. | incubation. | | |
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17.
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If 98
out of 100 people respond "Golden Retriever" when asked to name what dog best represents
the concept "dog," then a golden retriever would be called a a. | denotative
concept. | b. | prototype. | c. | relational
concept. | d. | feature. | | |
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18.
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The
rules for ordering words in sentences are called a. | grammar. | b. | syntax. | c. | semantic differential. | d. | heuristics. | | |
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19.
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The
solution to arithmetic problems requires a. | mechanical solutions. | b. | convergent
thinking. | c. | insight. | d. | brainstorming. | | |
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20.
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A
person would have the LEAST difficulty in classifying __________ as a tree or shrub. a. | a
cactus | b. | a fern | c. | an
oak | d. | a
palm | | |
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21.
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A
student who takes a multiple-choice test by reading the stem of each item, generating the correct
response before looking at the choices, and then choosing the response closest to the answer is
using a. | a
heuristic. | b. | an "ideal" solution. | c. | vicarious
problem solving. | d. | an algorithmic search strategy. | | |
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22.
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In
baseball, an "out" is a a. | conjunctive concept. | b. | relational
concept. | c. | disjunctive concept. | d. | prototype. | | |
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23.
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The
stage of creative thought during which problem solving proceeds at a subconscious level is the
__________ stage. a. | incubation | b. | orientation | c. | preparation | d. | illumination | | |
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24.
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A
person is asked to decide on a major in school; another is asked to decide on a career. We may say
that the different answers they give to broad and specific questions are because of a. | differences in
representativeness. | b. | base rate differences. | c. | differences in
framing. | d. | differences associated with irrational
personalities. | | |
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25.
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The
correlation between IQ and creativity is a. | very high. | b. | very
low. | c. | zero. | d. | more positively correlated the higher the
IQ. | | |
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26.
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Oversimplified concepts of groups of people are referred to as a. | group
thinking. | b. | social stereotypes. | c. | relational
stereotypes. | d. | disjunctive stereotypes. | | |
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27.
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Thought that is intuitive, haphazard, or personal is termed a. | inductive
thought. | b. | deductive thought. | c. | logical
thought. | d. | illogical thought. | | |
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28.
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__________ are the smallest meaningful units of speech. a. | Morphemes | b. | Phonemes | c. | Pheromones | d. | Concepts | | |
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29.
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The
ability to speak two languages is referred to as a. | bi-languagism. | b. | fluency. | c. | bilingualism. | d. | none of
these. | | |
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30.
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The
two most basic units of speech are a. | words and rules of grammar. | b. | ideas and
concepts. | c. | morphemes and phonemes. | d. | connotative and
denotative meaning. | | |
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31.
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Words
or ideas representing a class of objects are called a. | abstractions. | b. | attributes. | c. | thoughts. | d. | concepts. | | |
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32.
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Psychologist Wolfgang Köhler believed that the solution of a multiple-stick
problem in chimpanzees revealed a. | how reinforcement strongly guided their
behavior. | b. | an ability for versatile and appropriate behavior to changing
circumstances. | c. | a capacity for insight. | d. | the same problem
solving abilities in chimps as in gorillas. | | |
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33.
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"Anti" is an example of a. | a phoneme. | b. | syntax. | c. | surface structure. | d. | a
morpheme. | | |
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34.
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Normal problem solving is likely to use a. | mental
images. | b. | olfactory sensations. | c. | synesthesia. | d. | semantic repression. | | |
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35.
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A
detailed, practical, and workable solution to a problem is called a(n) __________
solution. a. | heuristic | b. | general | c. | functional | d. | specific | | |
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36.
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The
fact that "Dog bites man" has a very different meaning from "Man bites dog"
demonstrates the importance of a. | connotation. | b. | syntax. | c. | conditional relationships. | d. | linguistic
determinism. | | |
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37.
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If
you wanted to enhance creativity, you would want to a. | isolate
yourself. | b. | make a rash decision. | c. | dig deeper into
a problem with logic. | d. | look for analogies. | | |
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38.
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Drawing conclusions on the basis of formal principles of reasoning is
termed a. | inductive
thought. | b. | deductive thought. | c. | logical
thought. | d. | illogical thought. | | |
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39.
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Thought that involves going from general principles to specific situations is called
__________ reasoning. a. | deductive | b. | inductive | c. | divergent | d. | intuitive | | |
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40.
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A
rigid mental set can be a barrier to problem solving. Which of the following refers to a similar
barrier to problem solving? a. | oversimplification | b. | invalid
reasoning | c. | functional fixedness | d. | divergent
problem solving | | |
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41.
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American Sign Language is a. | a true language with a syntax and
grammar. | b. | a pseudo-language with no syntax or
grammar. | c. | a code system. | d. | an easily
understood pantomime. | | |
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42.
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The
term "cognition" includes a. | thinking, problem solving, reasoning, and
dreaming. | b. | classical and instrumental
conditioning. | c. | the use of memory systems. | d. | an active
process by which sensory input is selected, organized, and integrated. | | |
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43.
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A
tendency to select wrong answers because they seem to match pre-existing mental categories is
called a. | intuition. | b. | representativeness heuristic. | c. | base
rate. | d. | framing. | | |
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44.
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A set
of rules for structuring sentences is called a. | linguistic determinants. | b. | grammar. | c. | semantics. | d. | morphemes. | | |
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45.
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The
study of the meaning of words is important because a. | it reveals the
connection between language and thought. | b. | people speak different languages and translation becomes
important. | c. | it is necessary to follow the development of phonemes by a
growing child. | d. | it measures the emotional content of
language. | | |
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46.
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Which
of the following is TRUE about animal communication? a. | Animals exhibit
varied cries, gestures, and mating calls, but even these communications are often not understood by
other animals of the same species. | b. | Although animal communication is limited, they can learn to use
human language with ease and eventually attain the communication skills of the average high school
sophomore. | c. | Animal communication can truly be called a language because it
consists of symbols, grammar, and, most importantly, it is productive. | d. | While
psychologists don't doubt that animals communicate, there is disagreement as to whether or not
animals can actually be taught a language. | | |
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47.
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A
concept referring to an object having at least one of a number of features is a __________
concept. a. | relational | b. | conjunctive | c. | disjunctive | d. | categorical | | |
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48.
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Going
from general principles to specific situations is called a. | logical
thought. | b. | deductive thought. | c. | illogical
thought. | d. | inductive thought. | | |
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49.
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Fluency, flexibility, and originality are characteristic of which type of
thought? a. | divergent
thinking | b. | mechanical problem-solving | c. | logic | d. | deductive reasoning | | |
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50.
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The
way a question is stated before problem solving begins is known as a. | representativeness. | b. | framing. | c. | incubation. | d. | defining the base rate. | | |
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51.
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Concept formation refers to a. | the organization of phonemes and morphemes into meaningful
thoughts. | b. | the application of transformation rules to basic
sentences. | c. | inductive as opposed to deductive
thinking. | d. | organizing experiences into meaningful
categories. | | |
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52.
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__________ thinking goes from specific facts to general principles. a. | Deductive | b. | Inductive | c. | Divergent | d. | Convergent | | |
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53.
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If
you translated "Pepsi is for the younger generation" into Spanish and the translation reads
"Pepsi reverses aging," you have a problem with a. | morphemes. | b. | phonemes. | c. | semantics. | d. | grammar. | | |
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54.
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The
rules that determine how words in a language can be put together to make sentences are
called a. | structural
semantics. | b. | allophonetics. | c. | syntax. | d. | phonemes. | | |
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55.
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Classifying things as absolutely right or wrong typifies a. | good-bad or all
or nothing thinking. | b. | multidimensional thinking. | c. | complex
thinking. | d. | conceptual-categorical thinking. | | |
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56.
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According to Chomsky, we are able to express ideas in a variety of ways by applying
__________ rules. a. | functional | b. | generative | c. | disjunctive | d. | transformation | | |
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